What is Federalism?

What is Federalism? Federalism is a political framework wherein extreme authority is shared between a focal government and state or territorial governments. Federalism is one of the two significant standards dependent on the American variant of agent vote based system that convey power, the other is partition of intensity. The political expert in America is partitioned among national and state governments this division is called federalism (Wilson, 2014). How federalism has advanced from its beginnings to the American political arrangement of today The United States began with a gathering of provinces that were under a British unitary framework. The British government saw it as a concentrated force, a danger to their privileges and freedoms. The Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia in 1787 confronted the serious issue of how to confine the intensity of the focal government and still give it the important capacity to ensure national interests. The arrangement was to isolate power among national and state levels of government bringing about federalism (Bodenhamer). At the point when the Revolution was done the United States turned into a confederation secured by the Articles of Confederation. This framework got ineffective so it was changed into a government framework by the Constitution (Mount, 2010). The drafting of the Constitution by the Framers was against by Antifederalist. The Framers thought it gave the national government an excessive amount of intensity. The composers proposed federalism to be a gadget for ens uring individual freedom (Wilson, 2014). Since the United States executed federalism in 1787, it has advanced. After some time two significant sorts of federalism have overwhelmed the political hypothesis. A discussion over the importance of federalism started after the Civil war, concentrating on the understanding of Article I, area 8 of the Constitution, the business statement. Out of this discussion came the teaching of double federalism wherein the national and state governments have characterized territories of power and independently particularly over trade. Congress would manage interstate trade and states would control intrastate business and each future characterized by the Supreme Court. They should concede single state business over to the state authority. States rely upon the intensity of the government over outside and military relations, state and remote trade. The second significant sort of federalism included the last passage of Article I, segment 8 of the Constitution approving Congress to pass all laws con sidered â€Å"necessary and proper† in completing the counted powers (Wilson, 2014). Today the central government obligations are those that customarily were the authority of the state government. They incorporate training, social government assistance strategy, medicinal services, and the lowest pay permitted by law. The development of the government has caused an expansion in spending, modifications for swelling influencing state and nearby government. The full-time regular citizen workforce of the national government is about equivalent to it was in 1960, while state and nearby government all day workforce has dramatically increased since 1960. The government state connection handles most national laws and approaches. This mind boggling connection in entire or halfway store, shape and direct projects. In American legislative issues federalism has been focal. The government relies upon the states to give congresspersons and delegates through races (Wilson, 2014). Components that have permitted the idea of federalism to shape American political conduct Federalism political hugeness characterizes political equity, shapes political conduct, and coordinates people towards an appropriately city blend of the two. The possibility of federalism is critical to the law of common in characterizing equity and the characteristic right in characterizing the beginnings and legitimate constitution of political society. Federalism as a type of political association has developed as a factor forming political conduct. Federalism is a political power since it serves the rule that there are no basic larger parts or minorities, however that all dominant parts comprise of an assortment of people and the result standard of minority rights not just securing the opportunities for minorities to safeguard themselves yet powers greater parts to be consolidated as opposed to misleadingly basic. It serves those standards by stressing the consensual premise of the political element and the significance of freedom in the constitution and support of majority rule republics. The two standards are particularly significant in an inexorably intricate and related world, where all individuals should live respectively, in any case and even want to do as such by dominant part vote. It isn't amazing that individuals and states all through the world are searching for government answers for the issues of political joining inside a popularity based structure. Federalism includes some kind of authoritative relationship of an apparently lasting trademark that accommodates power sharing, division around issues of sway, and enhancements, however doesn't look to supplant or lessen earlier natural ties that they exist (Elazar, 1991). Variables that show how the connection between the states and the U. S. Government impacts the formation of American strategies by and large In the first Constitution before the bill of rights the Framers endeavored to characterize the connection between the states and the government. In it the states powers were confined. The connection between the states and the U. S. National government impacts American approaches in that it unmistakably characterizes that individuals need neighborhood power over its police and schools, however the nearby command over their administrative administrations have been diminished by the bureaucratic guidelines improvement of administrative awards in help (Wilson, 2014). In the United States the laws and activities residents experience every day include each of the three degrees of government. Zoning, traffic control, sanitation, instructive organization, road fix and different administrations are essentially overseen by nearby authorities on the position conceded to them by the state. Casting a ballot methodology vary from state to state. Instructive arrangements, criminal equity, business and expert guideline, general wellbeing and other significant issues are heavily influenced by the state government. Protection, outside issues, financial, money related arrangement, government assistance change are for the most part activities of national government. National government laws apply to people living inside the national limits. State laws apply to the inhabitant of those states. The constitution is the wellspring of expert for national and state government mirroring the desire of the individuals (Bodenhamer). The focal government has characterized powers in an administrative country, and has full authority over outside undertakings. The constitution gives the administration elite influence to control interstate and outside trade, coin cash, give the naturalization of foreigners, and support of the military. The United States ensures states a republican type of government guaranteeing that states can't make a government. The national government has legal position that settle contentions between the states and between the residents of various states. State and focal governments may vary in territories of local approach where they have covering interests and needs. The state and national government can practice power simultaneously as in the equal capacity to burden. Issues in regards to national position, not tended to by the constitution permits the states to make a move as long as it doesn't strife with the forces lawfully practice by the focal government. Issues on instruction, wrongdoin g and discipline, wellbeing and security and other significant issues influencing the every day lives of residents the constitution doesn't allocate obligation (Bodenhamer). Perceiving the potential for struggle encompassing simultaneous force among levels of government the designers received measures to maintain a strategic distance from them making the U. S. Constitution incomparable over state constitutions enforceable through government courts. The condition announced that the activities of the national government preeminent at whatever point its capacity clashed with the real activities of the state. It additionally unmistakably precluded states from practicing powers that were allowed to the focal government. In endorsing the Constitution the composers bolstered the bill of rights, the first ten changes in quite a while to limit national governments from meddling with singular freedoms. By posting the shared commitments that each state owed each other the Constitution laid the standard procedures for the relationship among the states. Finding the right harmony among national and state powers keeps on being an issue in American governmental issues. With every age social and financial changes happen, there are shifts in political qualities and the changing job the country plays on the planet will require changes and alterations by they way we treat federalism (Bodenhamer). End The understanding of the Constitution built up an association of states under a government arrangement of administration. The Constitution has been bantering over the issues of forces, benefits, obligations, and duties allowed to national governments and held for the states and its kin have molded and been formed by the nation’s political, social, and financial history of the United States (Boyd, 1997). The qualities of federalism suits the changing idea of American culture. The adaptability of the Constitution permits the country to react to evolving conditions (Bodenhamer). References Bodenhamer, D. J. (n.d.). Federalism Democracy. Recovered August 7, 2014, from AIT site: http://www.ait.org.tw/infouse/zhtw/docs/demopaper/dmpaper4.html Boyd, E. (1997, January 6). American Federalism, 1779 to 1997: Significant Events. Recovered August 8, 2014, from US Embassy: http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/gov/federal.htm Elazar, D. (1991). Investigating

Case Study on Brand Management of Lego Company

Question: Talk about the Brand Management for Lego Company. Answer: Presentation: In 2014, Lego bunch rose as the biggest organization as far as income. Numerous methodologies were utilized by the association to build up its image. It was the knudstorp procedure that helped the association deal with its development and stay manageable in the market (Andersen et al., 2013). The nonexclusive technique utilized by the association is separation system where the fundamental point of the association is to make an important item that is unique in relation to its substitutes as far as quality, highlights, innovativeness and after deal administration. Making of significant worth for the clients was the top need of the association. The serious system utilized by the association was a by pass assault methodology. By pass system is where the association doesn't legitimately assaults its rivals yet assaults them by implication. The Lego gathering of organizations built up its own retail locations and furthermore began its internet retailing and web based business. Shopper mindfulness Shoppers are the most significant piece of an association. The fundamental objective clients of Lego bunch organizations are offspring old enough three to fifteen years. This incorporates kids from both center and high society. The client showcase is portioned in four classes that is Preschool, pre youngster, adolescents and grown-ups. Pre school portion includes clients old enough five and underneath where dolls, figures, and activity figures are sold. The pre high schooler comprises of clients matured 6-12 years where development toys, computer games, riddles and movement games are sold. Young people are client matured 13-18 years where the significant fixation on selling sports, computer games and open air games. Grown-ups are clients that are over 18 years where the fixation is on selling computer games and electronic toys (Savolainen, 2015). Purchaser mindfulness is a technique for advancing the items sold by the organization. There are different advancement strategies that help in expanding the mindfulness and information on buyers. Making the purchaser mindful of the item is basic as it helps in expanding the deal and making a brand picture among its clients. Buyer mindfulness is additionally the moral implicit rules that an industry or a firm ought to follow. Recognizable proof of faithful clients of brand is fundamental for brand mindfulness and advancement. Making a brand mindfulness helps in building a relationship of trust with its clients. This system will enable the association to make due at time of extreme rivalries as the steadfast clients are more averse to switch over their image once that trust is construct. The fundamental factor utilized by Lego bunch is unrivaled quality and imagination and structure of the item (Antorini et al., 2012). Different strategies and procedures can be utilized in expanding shopper mindfulness, for example, ads, TV, diaries, magazines, posting advertisements via web-based networking media systems, for example, facebook, posting flags and informal. Advancement of items in universe of rivalry is important to catch everyone's eye. It is the clients of Lego bunch that helped the firm decrease its activity cost and endure rivalry. Client dependability is the most significant factor in making of brand picture. The logo of Lego bunches pulls in the clients from everywhere throughout the world. Its situating technique is that the items can be made in anything conceivable (Hadida, 2013). Serious situating The contenders of Lego gathering of organizations are Leapfrog, Automoblox, Vtech and Mecanno. The point of the association is to accomplish upper hand in diversion and toy brands and producers industry. The brand dedication of clients helps the association accomplish upper hand. The association utilizes the methodology of by pass strategy to battle with its rivals in the market (Andersen et al., 2013). The quantity of contenders is high in the market. Thus the purchasers have enormous decision for utilization. It is fundamental for the associations to grow such a brand, that gives the clients a decent encounter that urges them to remain centered in a specific brand. By pass methodology is where Lego bunch assaults the buyers in a roundabout manner. This incorporates separating the items gave by the organization based on prevalent quality, after deals administration, innovativeness and plan of the item and the brand picture of the firm. To expand its deal and build up a brand Lego bu nch has set up its own image stores in different spots around the world. It has additionally associated with internet retailing of items delivered by the Lego gathering of organizations. This has helped the organization increment its revue and benefit and support rivalry. Brand affiliations The organization can utilize different methods to advance its image and increment customer mindfulness. The slogan or the trademark of the organization assumes a significant job and goes about as a main consideration for drawing in clients. The slogan of Lego bunch peruses as its what you make it and what is best will be ideal. The centralization of the organization is on creating items that are of predominant quality. Subsequently the organization guarantees that the crude materials utilized in the creation procedure are of high and predominant quality. Building the devotees of the items is vital for situating and advancement. The client target and division likewise assumes a basic job for choosing the enthusiasts of the items and friends (Jensen, 2016). The key contending elements of the organization incorporate dissemination, bundling, promoting, advancement, cost and coordination. The key purchasing factors that urge the clients to buy the items are: Quality Security notoriety Accreditations Visual viewpoint Incitement capacity Shopper patterns Appearance Toughness of the items After deal administrations The key achievement components of the Lego gathering of organizations is its image name, accessibility, assortment of items that it sells, development, brand and item plan and the scope of adornments. SWOT examination Qualities: The innovations utilized at the business for creating toys are progressed. This enables the organization to decrease the expense and time of assembling. The organization has a decent brand picture and name in both national and universal market. The logo of the brand is its primary fascination. The buyer wants to expend the result of Lego bunch because of the quality that it supplies. The organization is engaged with giving a wide scope of items that incorporates toys, sport games, computer games, development games and other electronic games and items. It should focus on expanding its items and broaden its items on web based gaming and recordings and outside games. The organization has its own image retail locations and a web based retailing site. Foundation of its own store will enable the association to pull in more clients and accomplish upper hand. The organization has its own advancement group that is a group of four individuals. This enables the organization to make its well used structure and an inventive item as indicated by the need of purchasers. The organization works in cooperation and coordination where the offices are permitted to meet and examine business thoughts. The items help in extending the instruction and information on kids. It is a notorious brand that gives merchandise that are of prevalent quality. The item portfolio is solid. The amusement stops by Lego bunch are an extraordinary vacation spot. The flexibly chain is effective. The administration of the association is imaginative and furthermore its authority style (Findinge et al., 2013). Shortcoming The costs of the toys made by Lego bunch are high because of the crude materials that it utilizes in its creation procedure. The items that are fabricated by Lego bunch just draw in men and not ladies. This prompts feeble division of the market. The expense of creation is high as the organization needs to follow through on weighty costs for getting the consent for authorizing the media characters. The market for toys is restricted in the business. The fundamental concern is with then constraint of items and brand name. The ascent in the opposition lessens the piece of the overall industry of the organizations. The utilization of innovation is constrained. The degree for business development is constrained because of old foundation of the organization. Re-appropriating of the item is exorbitant than focusing on detainee groups. Capital venture is high. Openings The Lego bunch has a chance to extend in the global market. Since its requires less capital venture and furthermore the Lego brand is set up and well known growing its business in global market will be a simple errand for the association. The clients of the Lego brand are spread everywhere throughout the nations. So it won't be hard for the association to set up another purchaser showcase in nations. Development of the working class in the created nations is valuable for the toy organization as it gives an open door for the business to grow. The organization has a chance to differentiate its items in other market fragments too. The advancement strategies help the organization grow its item to other market fragments. Ascend being used of innovation and progression of innovation is advantageous for the association. Broadening and advancement can enable the organization to infiltrate in new markets. Dangers The primary danger is from the ascent in the quantity of contenders. The quantity of contenders is rising that is decreasing the piece of the overall industry of the association. Decrease in the buying intensity of clients will diminish the interest for the items. Digitalization of the world will lessen the interest for toys. Youngsters now a days are progressively keen on utilizing web and web based games and recordings instead of playing with toys. This puts a danger on the organization. For this it is prudent that Lego gathering should dispatch web based games and recordings for youngsters that draws in them. It has dangers from web and open air games. Individuals are demonstrating more enthusiasm on the open air exercises, for example, Olympics, badminton and kink

Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Article Analysis - Essay Example The measurements are stressing in light of the fact that one would anticipate that the educators should exploit the PCs and web to facilitate the learning procedure (Keengwe and Onchwari, 210). I, be that as it may, might suspect there ought to be no reason for stress among guardians concerning the unfriendly impacts of innovation to their youngsters. Instructors have the obligation of observing how kids use innovation to confine it for instructive purposes as it were. From the exploration led at the late spring organization, it is crushing that instructors think that its hard injecting instructional duties with innovation joining. I neglect to comprehend why they see coordination and guidance as two unique substances. In the event that both help each other in conveying substance to the understudies, instructors ought to be happy to receive them (Keengwe and Onchwari, 214-215). I think educators are scholarly people who can incorporate innovation into study halls to draw in different learning styles that meet the capacities all things considered. I agree with the creators that instructors need innovative aptitudes that don't really make them specialists (Keengwe and Onchwari, 215-216). In light of the authors’ suggestions, it is basic that school chairmen move quickly in introducing current mechanical apparatuses that guide instructive programming. In addition, state training officials ought make mechanical workshops, yet additionally give f ull-time innovation specialists to schools. The article, hence, meets the authors’ objective of animating reflections and assessing the requirement for innovation combination in homerooms and, specifically, youth instruction. Keengwe, Jared, and Grace Onchwari. Innovation and Early Childhood Education: A Technology Integration Professional Development Model for Practicing Teachers. Early Childhood Education Journalâ 37 (2009): 209-18. Web. 2 June

Victorian Child Labour - Free Essay Example

Throughout the 19th century, many kids in England were being overworked and put in dangerous situations that could have potentially cost them their lives. Kids were not being right and were having to sacrifice their education so companies could earn a better profit. Child Labour is a well-known term for kids who are worked too hard for their age without much, or no, pay. Broadly speaking, the term child labour is defined as the employment of children in any work that deprives them of their childhood and dignity, and that is harmful to their physical and mental development(Ortin-Ospina). During the 19th century, the new factories and mines were eager to find workers and had simple task that they believed were easy enough to be done by children. This gave companies an idea, they could hire children to do the work by paying them less than an adult. Companies could easily discipline children and would be much cheaper to hire (Child Labour). Kids would start to work some at the age of five or six in agriculture gangs or places far away from their homes. Some children would have to work in the worst forms of child labour for less than minimum wage (Ortin-Ospina). Sometimes you may even find more children working in an area than adults. Because of thei r size and youthful energy there were jobs that children performed as good or even better than adults (Victorian Child Labour). A majority of kids were hired to work for these low prices. About 120 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 work full-time and another 130 million work park time (The Paradox). The National Archives states that around 49% of the workforce was under 20 in the year 1821(Child Labour). The working conditions that these kids had to work through were horrible. The conditions were so bad that kids were in constant fear of being injured or having their life taken; cave-ins, explosions. The children had to perform multiple different jobs such as coal mining, textile mills, and even prostitution. They would work around fourteen hour days starting and 6 am and working until around 8 pm. They also only made a fraction of what adults made, even though they were worked hareder. Being forced long hours with health risking conditions should have never been allowed. During most of these jobs, health violations made it extremely dangerous. Emma Griffin states in her Article, Child Labour, that, All children laboured under the same disadvantages, though, working for very low pay, performing work that was dirty and dangerous, and usually working long hours as well.(Griffin). Airways in mines were thick due to the or ventilation, lose eyesight from the strain of eyes of trying to s ee because the mines were so dark, and some even formed spine deformation from having to walk being stooped over constantly (Victorian Child Labour). Kids were not protected from their employers and older co-workers (Griffin). There was a chance of kids being beaten up if they had made a mistake, were late, or fell asleep (Victorian Child Labour). The risk of having an accident while working was very high and in Europe in 1825 28.25% of kids ten to thirteen had an incident (Ortin-Ospina). One of the biggest cases that shows of the dangerous of the factories was the case of Martha Appelton in 1859. Martha was thirteen and hired to pick up loose cotten from under the machine. One day, Martha had fainted while doing her work and her hand got caught in an unguarded machine. From this accidnet, all her fingers were sliced off and she ended up being fired for no longer able to work well (Child Labout). Although most parents knew what was going on in the factories there was nothing they could do about it because they needed the money. Roger Langon is an example of this; after his parents found out that he was nearly killed by his drunk coworker, they realized there was nothing they could do because all the other parishs were full and they needed the money (Griffin). While all these kids were working full time jobs, they were not able to recieve an education. Kids were working fourteen hour days, then having to come home to help their parents out at home, then sleep, and do it all again. There was not a few minutes left in the day for them to learn a quick thing. During this century work was valued over education immensly. Although, during the end of the 19th century people started to realize that they wer not little adults and needed to get an education as well (Child Labour). In countries where children tend to work longer hours, it is more common that working children remain out of school (Ortin-Ospina). Laws started to be made to ensure that children would still be recieving and education while working. After 1867 a law was made that determined that no factory could hire a kid under the age of eight and any kid from the age of eight to thirteen were required to recieve ten hours of education a week (Child Labour).

Case Analysis The Case And - 915 Words

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT In this Brief, the following are labeled accordingly: Frank E. Polo is referred to as the Father, Mr. Polo or Appellant. Merlin Hernandez is referred to as the Mother, Ms. Hernandez or Appellee and the Mother’s Attorney is referred to as the Opposing Counsel. References to the record will be designated as R. followed by the appropriate page number(s) â€Å":† paragraph â€Å":† line. STATEMENT OF THE CASE/FACTS The Agree Final Judgement of Paternity states in pertinent part: â€Å"The following provisions of the of the parties mediated settlement agreement dated August 14th, 2013 shall remain In full force and effect.† Furthermore, after enumerating the parts of the agreement that the parties wanted to survive, the agreement†¦show more content†¦The Appellant’s Statement of the Case and Statement of Facts are consistent with the evidence on the record, and therefore, not argumentative, speculative and do not contain irrelevant facts, but those contained on the record. This Court should take special attention to Argument IV-VI. The commission of Fraud upon the court is not limited to those acts intended to deceived, or mislead the court to corrupt the impartial functions of the court, but to any act that corrupt the impartial functions of the court. Criminal acts like Interference with Lawful Custody of a Minor Children, undue influence, coercion and fraud, if committed, would actually corrupt the impartial functions of the court. Therefore, if this Court finds those acts were in fact committed, after careful analysis of the law and the legal analysis presented by the Father, then the Mediation Settlement Agreement, the Agreed Final Judgment and, any illegal provision of the Final Judgment of Paternity, giving force an effect to the Mediated Settlement Agreement, should be Void as a matter of. Allegations of the father against members of the Florida Bar and the Mother are about criminal activity of thoseShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis : A Case842 Wo rds   |  4 PagesEthical Case Analysis Case-5 Let’s make a deal. Summary of Case: As a licensed counselor, you are seeing a client that is self-employed electrician. 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The Problem Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay

There are at least four ethical areas I would like to ponder: Whether to maintain someone in the battlefield or return them home; whether to retain a service member on duty in the military, vs. recommending a medical board (medical discharge); confidentiality, and/or what command needs to know; and disability and compensation issues, if diagnosed with PTSD (Ritchie, 2012). The authors of this article wanted to do a research to address the problem of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in severe mental illness, the method use was a Trauma Recovery Group implemented at the Mental Health Center of Greater Manchester, which was a mixed gender cognitive behavioral program of 21 weeks which includes breathing retraining, education about PTSD, cognitive restructuring, coping with symptoms, and making a recovery plan. Treatment completers improved significantly in PTSD symptoms and diagnosis, depression, and post-traumatic cognitions, but dropouts did not (Mueser et al., 2007). The results support the feasibility of the Trauma Recovery Group program and suggest it produces clinical benefits for this population (people with PTSD) and helps the social workers to understand and intervene with this special population at a micro level. However, in this other article the authors have provided valuable conceptual insights about how autonomy may relate to therapeut ic change in the context of traditional psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy. They argue that anShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1494 Words   |  6 PagesCauses and Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) Post-Traumatic stress disorder has affected humans probably as long as we have had a higher consciousness, but it is only recently that researchers, medical professionals and psychotherapists have had much understanding into its nature and treatment. 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In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1519 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder It is common for individuals who have gone through a traumatic experience to feel many types of emotions, to include distress, fear, helplessness, guilt, shame or anger. The individual may begin to feel better after just a few days or weeks, but sometimes these feelings don’t go away. If the symptoms last for more than a month, they may be experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD and should seek professional help. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, once knownRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Syndrome Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pages There are numerous different mental disorders that people are diagnosed with on an everyday basis. Some mental disorders are genetic, but yet other disorders come from the things that people encounter in life. One mental disorder that is being diagnosed more often every day is called Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. 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Financial Accounting and Reporting Responsibility

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting and Reporting Responsibility. Answer: The ethical issue is considered to be one of the major setbacks for the company or the vital reason for the debacle of the company. The company not maintaining the code of ethics considered to be acquiring negative awareness in the corporate social responsibility, failing to meet to meet the company norms and regulation will leads to the debacle of the company in long run (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). The primary reason for the company to manage and practice the code of ethics helps to increase the positive image of the company in the corporate world. The code of ethics is not being followed by the company Complete Cancer Care Limited (CCCL) which is a part of the Medical Services Holdings Group (MSHG) and is controlled and run by the CEO Adam chase, the CEO approached Belinda Battersby who is a audit partner and sole responsible for the auditing and overall financial reporting activity. Manipulation in the financial reporting which is being asked by the CEO Adam Chase is considered to b e one of the serious offences and considered as the major offence according to the code of ethics. Violation of the code of ethics leads to the overall failure of the company as the company primarily deals in the medical sector (Elliott and Elliott, 2008). Code of ethics in medical segment is considered to be playing a major role in determine the overall customer build and is one of the major source of uplift of the company, failing to manage and maintain the code of ethic of the company will lead to the debacle of the company. The ethical practice e in the medical line is considered to be the lifeline of the company as the helps to create a sense of positive environment in the mind of the patient to get a better and good health service (El-Masry, 2007). In the given case study it is clearly evident that the linear accelerator is not providing good service to the patient on the contrary it is having a negative impact on the patient well being. Neglecting the fact will lead to the wo rst cases for the patients which will eventually lead to the failure of medical service of the company. As per the matter of fact Belinda should inform the board of director of the Medical Services Holdings Group (MSHG) which will help to disclose the fraud which is being done from Adam chase end and thus will leads to manage and control the failure of the maintenance of code of ethics by the company CCCL (Helbk, Lindest and McLellan, 2010). Major ethical issue in the medical segment is considered to be playing a vital role as it is related with the patient well being. American Accounting Association Model Decision making process 1. Determine the facts In the given case study, Battersby and Associates chartered accounts is the accounting firm having wide range of clients all across Australia. Complete Cancer Care Limited a client of Battersby and Associates owns two old linear accelerators that are used in the radiation therapy. These linear accelerators that are used in the radiographers have raised concerns that they imposed negative impacts on the patients (Hillier, 2010). Adam Chase, CEO of CCL approached to the audit firm and requested to provide an opinion that the following linear accelerators are perfect and fit for use. The Audit firm was asked to show the linear accelerators as goodwill of the company. Therefore, in the case study is based on the ethical concern that the audit firm has to decide whether they should show the linear accelerators are perfect and fit for use (Holton, 2012). The code of ethics for the professional accountant and American Accounting Association model will help to determine and evaluate the ethi cal issue raised in the case study. 2. Define the ethical issues The ethical issue refers to the facts and figures that has been uncovered by an auditor and misrepresenting the actual value of an organization. The audit firm or an auditor may have taken huge amount of money to uncover the actual facts (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2007). In the given case study, the ethical issues was that Adam Chase, CEO of CCL approached to Belinda Battersby and requested to provide an opinion that linear accelerators are perfect and fit for use. The linear accelerators have major concerns that impose negative radiation impacts on the patients. Therefore, Battersby and Associates was asked to take an unethical step that can affect the health of the patients (Leonard, 2007). The linear accelerators would be showed as the goodwill of the company. The overall situation is an ethical issue that should be determined and evaluated as per the rules and regulations. 3. Identify the major principles, rules and values The standards, standards, and qualities are that reviewers or the auditors are accepted (by shareholders and others dynamic in capital markets) to have perfect respectability and to guarantee that the organization is giving a 'genuine and reasonable perspective' of its budgetary circumstance at the season of the review (Moretto, 2008). Reviewers or auditors are endowed with the errand of guaranteeing an organization's money related records and anything that keeps this or meddles with an examiner's objectivity is a disappointment of the inspector's obligation to shareholders. Determination of the principle and value of the company code of ethics help to manage a positive image in the corporate world (Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe, 2005). Financial reporting is considered to be one of the major segment as the auditor audit the financial part which help to throw light on the company overall growth. 4. Specify the alternatives Belinda Battersby was asked to provide an opinion that the linear accelerators used in the radiation therapy is perfect and fit for use. It is considered as an unethical step that will impose adverse impact on the health of the patients. If the Belinda would accept the offer then the firm will earn huge amount of money but the firm can face legal troubles (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). On the other hand, if Belinda would refuse the offers then the firm would be able to build its reputation in the market and healthy relationships with their clients. The firm will be able to enhance its reputation and will not face any legal troubles. 5. Compare values and alternatives Belinda should refuse the offer of Adam Chase as because it is important for an audit firm to enhance its reputation in the market and building positive relationships with the clients. A firm cannot work for their self interest and should work for their clients (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). Legal troubles can also affect the operations of the firm. Therefore, Belinda should refuse the approach of Adam Chase. 6. Assess the consequences Under Option 1, the auditor would acknowledge the reward or the bribe. He/she would appreciate the expansion in riches and probably an increment in his way of life however he/she would open himself/herself to the danger of being in a bad position if his acknowledgment of the pay off was ever revealed (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). He/she would need to 'live with himself' realizing that he/she had taken a pay off and would be owing debtors to the customer, realizing that the customer could uncover him whenever. Under Option 2, the auditor would reject the bribe fix. This would be liable to have various shocking results for the customer and perhaps for the eventual fate of the clientauditor relationship. It would, be that as it may, keep up and improve the notoriety and social remaining of inspectors, keep up open trust in review, and serve the best advantages of the shareholders. 7. Make your decision The ethical decision is option 2 , the auditor should refuse to work under such circumstance where she need to provide fake auditor report and mislead the patient and other key member of the company (Winters, 2008). Corporate governance help to manage and control the overall aspect of the company core activities. Auditing primarily depends on the good corporate governance structure. Audit plays a vital role in the company determination of the financial position and thus help the others user of the financial statement to gain knowledge regarding the company financial position in the market (Wolf, 2008). Audit risk is depend on the company corporate governance structure, manipulation of the financial report lead to the vague information about the company financial position which leads to the several other key audit risk. Main context In any business organization or company the management tends to concentrate and give attention to the sector of risk management as without it the company is bound to fall apart. The failures of risk management mainly in the financial sector have been successful in raising quite a few eyebrows as it has led to a great level of loss. The risk of audit depends entirely on the corporate governance that imposes vital impact on the financial position of an organization. Mostly the failure of a business organization occurs due to the failure of the corporate governance where the board of directors of a company did not understand the potential of the risk taken by that particular company (Woltje, 2008). Moreover the risk management system of a company needs to be well maintained in order for it to ensure that the company is able to overcome all the risks taken by it on one hand and also be able to mitigate or minimize the level of risks that it otherwise would have to face. The board of dire ctors and key stakeholders of the company need to give enough importance to the corporate governance and risk management framework followed by the company as these two factors play a great role in determining whether the company would be able to overcome the risk taken by it in order to perform in a better manner in the future (Zingel, 2006). Audit risk is the manipulated comment given by an auditor after examining the financial transactions of the company. The problem with thus is that with the presence of manipulated and fake comments, it is not possible for the management and key stakeholders of a company to understand the actual position that the company is in and thereby fails to recognize the risk that the company would face. As a result of this a company faces a huge amount of risk that can mount up to the point where the company or organization needs to be liquidated (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). Corporate governance enforces the employees as well as management of a company t o follow the rules and regulations of a company; ethical code of conduct etc. Therefore with the presence of good and proper corporate governance, an organization is at a better state of having a well defined and disciplined work culture that would never allow an individual to make fraudulent comments or give wrongful facts in the reports of the company. Conclusion With the presence of good corporate governance, there is transparency in the different processes and operations taking place in an organization which ensures that no wrong information finds place in both the financial and non-financial reports that are made in the company. Therefore, the process of auditing should be done in an unbiased and impartial manner that would consequently ensure that the audit risk gets reduced. References Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2007).Corporate finance. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2008).Financial accounting and reporting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. El-Masry, A. (2007).Managerial finance. Bradford: Emerald Group. Helbk, M., Lindest, S. and McLellan, B. (2010).Corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hillier, D. (2010).Corporate finance. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. (2007).Intermediate accounting. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Leonard, B. (2007).Managerial finance. Bradford: Emerald Insight. Moretto, E. (2008).Managerial finance. [Bradford, England]: Emerald. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jaffe, J. (2005).Corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Spiceland, J., Sepe, J. and Nelson, M. (2011).Intermediate accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Winters, D. (2008).Managerial finance. [Bradford, England]: Emerald. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Woltje, J. (2008).IFRS. Munchen: Haufe Verlag. Zingel, H. (2006).IFRS. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH-Verl.